The word ‘fascism’ originated in Italy, as did ‘totalitarian’ each term spread from Italian into other languages, with plenty of risks of (mis-)translation. After all, the first fascist dictator, in office a decade before Hitler, was Mussolini. There is much that is paradoxical in this situation. Even though it is now more than sixty years since Hitler and his Italian ally, Benito Mussolini, died at the end of the Second World War, the history of fascism, it seems, retains contemporary menace. 2) by new ‘Hitlers’,1 may toy with again unleashing an updated fascist beast from its lair. And at least part of current trepidation is nourished by the spectre that, with malevolent purposes, ‘fundamentalist’ rogue states, headed (p. In the new millennium of globalization and the ‘end of history’, liberal democracy, of some definition, and the market possess hegemony in most places they therefore ought to be unchallenged. By the year 2000, the age of statist ideologies seemed over for good. Very likely, it quickly seemed in the West, communists, with their own ‘totalitarian’ ambitions, had quite a lot in common with their enemies (whom they called fascists rather than Nazis) and in turn needed to be vanquished in the successive Cold Wars. To be sure, almost immediately after 1945 (and even before that), complications surfaced. ‘Never again’ is a slogan to which the vast majority subscribe. Thereafter, one task of virtue has been to ensure that fascism would not revive. The fascists, along with Hitler, it is widely assumed, were virtuously beaten in the Second World War, when liberals, democrats and socialists, capitalists and communists, came together, at least from 1941, to resist, to produce, to conquer, and to save humankind.
Its mention at once conjures images of marching automatons, extreme violence, war, and ‘genocide’, all at the behest of some dictator, armed for a while with a fascinating charisma but, in reality, perverse, brutal, deluded, and, almost certainly, crazed. Indeed, of all political concepts of relatively recent times, it, along with the name of the Nazi chief, Adolf Hitler, elicits the most automatically negative reaction in most minds. Introduction THE word ‘fascism’ continues to launch a thousand books.
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Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Handbooks Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). PRINTED FROM OXFORD HANDBOOKS ONLINE (University Press, 2018. Keywords: Adolf Hitler, Nazi, genocide, fascism, Second World War, Benito Mussolini, Italy, Germany Its mention at once conjures images of marching automatons, extreme violence, war, and genocide. Bosworth Print Publication Date: Oct 2010 Subject: History, Modern History (1701 to 1945) Online Publication Date: Sep 2012 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0001Ībstract and Keywords Of all political concepts of relatively recent times, fascism, along with the name of the Nazi chief, Adolf Hitler, elicits the most automatically negative reaction in most minds. Bosworth The Oxford Handbook of Fascism Edited by R.
2 The Ideological Origins of Fascism before 1914Ĩ The Peasant Experience under Italian Fascismġ5 Dictators Strong or Weak?: The Model Of Benito Mussoliniġ6 State and Society: Italy and Germany Comparedġ8 Diplomacy and World War: The (First) Axis of Evilģ1 Memory and Representations of Fascism in Germany and Italy
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